Insight of the King
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    • The History of the Bible Series >
      • 01 History of the Bible intro
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      • 03 History of the Bible Intro to Old Testament
      • 04 History of the Bible Old Testament Books (part 1 of 4) Books of Moses
      • 05 History of the Bible Old Testament Books (part 2 of 4) Joshua - Ecclesiastes
      • 06 History of the Bible Old Testament Books (part 3 of 4) Obadiah - Habakkuk
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        • Lesson 21 Hebrews 10:26-31 Apostacy
        • Lesson 22 Hebrews 10:32-39 Joy in Sufferings
        • Lesson 23 Hebrews 11:1 What is Faith?
        • Lesson 24 Hebrews 11:2-3 Faith and the Unseen
        • Lesson 25 Hebrews 11:4-7 By Faith...Abel, Enoch, Noah,
        • Lesson 26 Hebrews 11:8-16 By Faith...Abraham
        • Lesson 27 Hebrews 11:17-19 By Faith...Abraham Offered Isaac
        • Lesson 28 Hebrews 11:20-22 By Faith...Isaac, Jacob, Joseph
        • Lesson 29 Hebrews 11:23-26 By Faith...Moses
        • Lesson 30 Hebrews 11:27-29 By Faith...Moses part 2
      • The Book of Hebrews Lessons 31-40 >
        • Lesson 31 Hebrews 11:30-32 The Courage of Faith part 1
        • Lesson 32 Hebrews 11:33-40 The Courage of Faith part 2
        • Lesson 33 Hebrews 12:1-4 The Endurance of Believing
        • Lesson 34 Hebrews 12:3-11 The Father’s Loving Hand of Correction (part 1)
        • Lesson 35 Hebrews 12:5-11 The Father’s Loving Hand of Correction (part 2)
        • Lesson 36 Hebrews 12:12-17 The Exhortation to Pursue Peace and Holiness
        • Lesson 37 Hebrews 12:18-29 The Comparison of Two Covenants (part 1)
        • Lesson 38 Hebrews 12:18-29 The Comparison of Two Covenants (part 2)
        • Lesson 39 Hebrews 13:1-6- Remaining Steadfast in the love of the Brethren in Christ (part 1)
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Byzantine Manuscripts


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​he origins of the great civilization known as the Byzantine Empire can be traced to 330AD, when the Roman emperor Constantine dedicated a “new Rome” on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium. Though the western half of the Roman Empire crumbled and fell in 476, the eastern half survived for another 1,000 years, spawning a rich tradition of art, literature, and learning. The term “Byzantine” derives from Byzantium, an ancient Greek colony founded by a man named Byzas. Located on the European side of the Bosporus, the strait linking the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, the site of Byzantium was ideally located to serve as a transit and trade point between Europe and Asia Minor. In 330AD, Roman Emperor Constantine chose Byzantium as the site of a new Roman capital, Constantinople. Five years earlier, at the Council of Nicaea, Constantine had established Christianity as Rome’s official religion.[1]
At the end of the 3rd century, Lucian of Antioch compiled a Greek text of the New Testament, that achieved considerable popularity and became the dominant text throughout Christendom. It was produced prior to the Diocletain persecution, 303AD, during which many copies of the New Testament were confiscated and destroyed. After Constantine came to power, the Lucian text was transcribed by bishops going out from the Antiochan school throughout the eastern world, uncorrupted by the Gnostics, and it soon became the standard text of the Eastern church, forming the basis of the Byzantine text.
                  The Greek language was still very much alive in the eastern realm of Byzantine, as opposed to the Latin language of Rome. In Byzantine, Greek manuscripts of the Holy Scriptures were continually being copied and preserved. In Byzantium, from the 6th to the 14th century, the great majority of New Testament manuscripts were produced in the Greek language. As opposed to the western world, namely Rome, who had exchanged the universal language from the original Greek tongue to Latin. It was in 1516 that Erasmus, using seven Byzantine manuscripts dating from the 12th to the 15th century, compiled the first Greek text to be produced on a printing press, subsequently known as the Textus Receptus, the “Received Text". Today, we have about 5,300 Byzantine texts and 24,000 fragments compared to less than 10 corrupted Alexandrian texts. The Byzantine texts were mostly all written in a minuscule hand, meaning the words are made up of upper and lower case cursive writ. Many, if not all, Byzantine texts were written in Greek cursive, as opposed to the uncial, capital letters of the Alexandrian texts that were not in cursive. This is the best way to identify the Byzantine from the Alexandrian texts. The Greek New Testament Byzantine manuscripts are far superior to the Alexandrian Codices, not being corrupted by the Gnostics or influenced by the Western Catholic Church.

[1] www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/byzantine-empire

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Byzantine manuscript Gospel of Mark 10th century
Next Chapter...Jerome's Latin Vulgate
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  • Home
  • Historical Bible Exhibit
    • Exhibit >
      • History of the Bible Map
      • Old Testament Chronology >
        • Dead Sea Scrolls
        • The Masoretic Text
        • Johannes Reuchlin
      • The New Testament: The Word is Made Flesh >
        • The Gnostics >
          • The Alexandrian Codices
          • The Hidden Fingerprints of God
          • Comparison of the New Testament with Secular Documents
        • Byzantine Manuscripts
      • Jerome's Latin Vulgate
      • The Dark Ages >
        • The Holy Roman Empire
        • The Thread of the Truth Remains
        • John Foxe's Account of Christianity during the Dark Ages
        • Peter Waldo and the Waldensians
      • 1382 The Wycliffe Bible
      • The Gutenberg Bible
      • Erasmus Greek New Testament >
        • Johannine Comma
        • Textus Receptus
      • Martin Luther >
        • Martin Luther- The Early Years
        • Martin Luther- The Monk of Erfurt
        • Martin Luther- The Truth Revealed
        • Martin Luther's Salvation
        • Martin Luther- Preaches at Wittemberg
        • Martin Luther Attacks the Traditions of the Catholic Church
        • Martin Luther- Response to Luther's 95 Theses
        • Martin Luther- The Elector Fedrick's Prophetic Dream of Theses
        • Martin Luther- The Reformation Commences
        • Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon
        • Martin Luther Pressure Ensues from the Catholic Church
        • Martin Luther- The Diet of Worms
        • Martin Luther's German New Testament
        • Martin Luther's 1534 Complete German Bible
      • French Translations
      • Strasbourg Greek New Testament 1524
      • William Tyndale >
        • William Tyndale- The Early Years
        • William Tyndale- Translating the Scriptures
        • William Tyndale- The New Testament Comes to England
        • William Tyndale- Persecution for the Words Sake
        • William Tyndale- The Arrest and Martydom of Tyndale
      • Ulrich Zwingli and the 1531 Zurich Bible
      • 1535 Coverdale Bible
      • 1537 Matthews Bible
      • 1539 Great Bible
      • 1550 Stephanus Bible
      • Geneva Bible >
        • 1557 Geneva New Testament
        • 1560 Geneva Bible
      • 1568 Bishops Bible
      • 1611 King James Bible
      • Conclusion
  • Books of Truth
    • Historical Bibles Online >
      • 1519 Erasmus Novum Testamentum >
        • 1519 Erasmus Novum Testamentum Exhibit
        • 1519 Erasmus Novum Testamentum PDF Downloads & Digital Ebook
      • 1535 Coverdale Bible >
        • 1535 Coverdale Bible Exhibit
        • 1535 Coverdale Bible Digital Ebook
      • 1538 Coverdale Newe Testament
      • 1546 Stephanus Greek New Testament >
        • 1546 Stephanus Greek New Testament Exhibit
        • 1546 Stephanus PDF Downloads and Digital Ebook
      • 1550 Stephanus Greek New Testament Digital Ebook >
        • 1550 Stephanus Greek New Testament Exhibit
        • 1550 Stephanus Digital Ebook
      • 1560 Geneva Bible Exhibit
      • 1569 Geneva Bible Exhibit
      • 1611 King James He Bible, 1st issue 1611 Exhibit
      • 1611 King James Bible, 3rd issue 1617 PDF Downloads and Ebook >
        • 1611 King James Bible, 3rd issue 1617 Exhibit
        • 1611 King James Bible, 3rd issue 1617 PDF Downloads and Ebook
      • 1611 King James Bible, 4th issue 1634 Exhibit
      • 1612 King James Bible She H314 Exhibit
      • 1613 King James Bible True 2nd ed H322 Exhibit
      • 1613 King James Bible Quarto Exhibit
      • 1619 King James Bible- Digital Ebook >
        • 1619 King James Bible Digital Ebook
      • 1841 English Hexapla Exhibit
    • Antiquarian Books FOR SALE >
      • Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam >
        • 1519 Erasmus Greek New Testament
        • 1522 Erasmus New Testament Paraphrase
        • 1523 Erasmus Luke Paraphrase
        • 1523 Erasmus Evangelium Joannem
      • Martin Luther >
        • 1525 Luther De Servo Arbitrio
        • 1610 German Biblical Concordance
        • 1773 Martin Luther Psalter, Saur
      • Robert Stephanus
      • Robert Estienne (Stephanus) >
        • 1550 Stephanus Greek New Testament
        • 1600 Stephanus Greek Condordance
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        • 1594 Geneva Bible
        • 1598 Geneva Bible
        • 1610 Geneva Folio Bible
        • 1613 Geneva Bible
      • King James Bibles FOR SALE
      • King James Bibles >
        • 1613 King James Bible- First Black Letter Quarto Edition
        • 1661 King James Bible Cambridge John Field
        • 1668-1666 King James Bible
        • 1649 King James Bible
        • 1769 Baskerville Bible
      • Other Bible Translations >
        • 1685 Bedell Irish Old Testament Bible
        • 1827 Bedell Irish Bible Complete with New Testament
        • 1657 Biblia Hebraica-Novum Testamentum Graece
      • Ecclesiastical History and Theology >
        • 1554 Josephus
        • 1823 The Genuine Works of Josephus
        • 1566 Bede Ecclesiastical History
        • 1722 Bede Ecclesiastical History
        • 1644 History of the Sottish Reformation and the Life and Death of John Knox
        • 1677 Cornelii Jansenii Pentateuch Commentary
        • 1709 Rules and Decrees of the Council of Trent
        • 1714 Tables of the Popes of Rome
    • 1611 King James Bible Leaf 4th Issue 1634
    • 1550 Stephanus Bible Leaves >
      • 1550 Stephanus Bible Leaves- You Choose
      • 1550 Stephanus Title Page Leaves >
        • 1550 Stephanus Gospel of Matthew
        • 1550 Stephanus Gospel of Mark
        • 1550 Stephanus Gospel of Luke
        • 1550 Stephanus Greek New Testament Bible Leaf - Gospel of John
        • 1550 Stephanus Acts
        • 1550 Stephanus Romans
        • 1550 Stephanus 1 Corinthians
        • 1550 Stephanus 2 Corinthians
        • 1550 Stephanus Galatians
        • 1550 Stephanus Ephesians
        • 1550 Stephanus Philippians
        • 1550 Stephanus Colossians
        • 1550 Stephanus 1 Thessalonians
        • 1550 Stephanus 2 Thessalonians
        • 1550 Stephanus 1 Timothy
        • 1550 Stephanus 2 Timothy
        • 1550 Stephanus Titus
        • 1550 Stephanus Philemon
        • 1550 Stephanus Hebrews
        • 1550 Stephanus James
        • 1550 Stephanus 1 Peter
        • 1550 Stephanus 2 Peter
        • 1550 Stephanus 1 John
        • 1550 Stephanus 2nd-3rd John
        • 1550 Stephanus Jude
        • 1550 Stephanus Revelation
    • 1582 Geneva Bible Leaves
    • Books by Zack Rosiere >
      • The Truth of Jesus Christ- A harmony of the gospels
      • The Principles of Justification
      • The Principles of Sanctification
      • The History of the Bible
      • The Truth of First John
  • Lessons
    • The History of the Bible Series >
      • 01 History of the Bible intro
      • 02 History of the Bible Preface Philip Melanchthon
      • 03 History of the Bible Intro to Old Testament
      • 04 History of the Bible Old Testament Books (part 1 of 4) Books of Moses
      • 05 History of the Bible Old Testament Books (part 2 of 4) Joshua - Ecclesiastes
      • 06 History of the Bible Old Testament Books (part 3 of 4) Obadiah - Habakkuk
      • 07 History of the Bible Old Testament Books (part 4 of 5) Babylonian Captivity
    • The Book of Hebrews Series >
      • The Book of Hebrews Lessons 1-10 >
        • Lesson 1 Hebrews Opening Lesson
        • Lesson 2 Hebrews 1:1-3
        • Lesson 3 Hebrews 1:4-14
        • Lesson 4 Hebrews 2:1-4
        • Lesson 5 Hebrews 2:5-18
        • Lesson 6 Hebrews 3:1-9
      • The Book of Hebrews Lessons 21-30 >
        • Lesson 21 Hebrews 10:26-31 Apostacy
        • Lesson 22 Hebrews 10:32-39 Joy in Sufferings
        • Lesson 23 Hebrews 11:1 What is Faith?
        • Lesson 24 Hebrews 11:2-3 Faith and the Unseen
        • Lesson 25 Hebrews 11:4-7 By Faith...Abel, Enoch, Noah,
        • Lesson 26 Hebrews 11:8-16 By Faith...Abraham
        • Lesson 27 Hebrews 11:17-19 By Faith...Abraham Offered Isaac
        • Lesson 28 Hebrews 11:20-22 By Faith...Isaac, Jacob, Joseph
        • Lesson 29 Hebrews 11:23-26 By Faith...Moses
        • Lesson 30 Hebrews 11:27-29 By Faith...Moses part 2
      • The Book of Hebrews Lessons 31-40 >
        • Lesson 31 Hebrews 11:30-32 The Courage of Faith part 1
        • Lesson 32 Hebrews 11:33-40 The Courage of Faith part 2
        • Lesson 33 Hebrews 12:1-4 The Endurance of Believing
        • Lesson 34 Hebrews 12:3-11 The Father’s Loving Hand of Correction (part 1)
        • Lesson 35 Hebrews 12:5-11 The Father’s Loving Hand of Correction (part 2)
        • Lesson 36 Hebrews 12:12-17 The Exhortation to Pursue Peace and Holiness
        • Lesson 37 Hebrews 12:18-29 The Comparison of Two Covenants (part 1)
        • Lesson 38 Hebrews 12:18-29 The Comparison of Two Covenants (part 2)
        • Lesson 39 Hebrews 13:1-6- Remaining Steadfast in the love of the Brethren in Christ (part 1)
    • 09-15-19 Eternal Family in Christ
    • 09-22-19 Eternal Family in Christ
    • 11-17-19 The Life and Happenings of the Apostle John
  • Study topics
    • The Study of Acts >
      • Expositional study of the book of Acts
      • Chronological table of the Early Church
      • Cross Reference Topic Guide of Paul's Epistles >
        • Galatians Cross reference topic guide
        • Ephesians Cross reference topic guide
        • Philippians Cross reference topic guide
        • Colossians Cross reference topic guide
        • Romans Cross reference topic guide
    • Sanctification of the Soul
    • The Bride of Chirst
    • The Name above every Name
    • Healing and Reconciliation
    • Three Days and Three Nights
  • Resources
    • Old Testament Chronology Spreadsheet
    • Charts and Maps >
      • Maps of Paul's journeys
      • Maps of the travels of Jesus in Ancient Palestine
      • the bible reading plan
    • 1611 King James Biblical Tract
    • Recommened Books
    • Rick Rosiere- Delighting in Gods Word
    • James Tissot paintings of Jesus >
      • List of Tissot paintings
      • Tissot gallery
    • John Piper- Desiring God
  • Blog
  • Contact